question：[QUESTION] Can we conclude from "A little boy wearing an outfit from a different culture is sitting and looking to his left." that "The boy is not from this country."?Options:- yes- no- it is not possible to tellThe boy is from a different culture so he must not be from this country.The answer is yes.[QUESTION] Given the sentence "A boy plays in the sand." can we conclude that "A boy is playing in the snow."?Options:- yes- it is not possible to tell- noIt is not normal to play in sand and snow at the same time.The answer is no.[QUESTION] Given the sentence "Two little boys play football on green grass." is it true that "The boys have grass stains on their clothes."?The grass stains may be a result of playing football. not all grass stains result from playing football.The answer is it is not possible to tell.[QUESTION] Given the sentence "A blond woman is writing on a piece of paper." is it true that "A blonde woman is leaving a note for a friend."?

question：You are given a sentence in Spanish. Your job is to translate the Spanish sentence into Hebrew.Input: Consider Input: Y es un robot increíble que juega ajedrez muy muy bien, excepto por una cosa: en realidad no es un robot.Output: וזה מין רובוט מדהים כזה שמשחק שחמט ממש טוב, למעט עובדה אחת: זה ממש לא רובוט.Input: Consider Input: Se supone que estoy aquí para darles buenas noticias.Output: אני אמורה לספר לכם כאן על החדשות הטובות.Input: Consider Input: no tiene sentimientos... todavía.

question：Q: Passage: The original Knight Rider series followed the adventures of Michael Knight, a modern-day crime fighter who uses a technologically advanced, artificially intelligent automobile. This car is virtually indestructible, due to a high-tech coating applied to it. This series debuted in 1982 and ran for four seasons on NBC. These adventures were continued with the television films Knight Rider 2000 and Knight Rider 2010 and the short-lived Team Knight Rider. One other television movie, Knight Rider, served as a pilot for the 2008 television series Knight Rider. In 1985, a spin-off series, Code of Vengeance, also premiered.Question: Based on this passage, how many seasons are there of knight rider? Let's give stream of consciousness first:

question：Q: Can ham make a cut seal up quicker?A: Salt helps cleanse the skin by displacing bacteria in a cut. 1 Cup of ham contains 1.684 mg of sodium. Salt is a mineral made up mostly of sodium chloride.The answer is yes.Q: Does Carmen Electra own a junk?A: A junk is a boat. Boats are sailed on open water. Carmen Electra has a fear of open water.The answer is no.Q: Was Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena hypothetically inadequate for hosting Coachella?A: The Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena had a capacity of 16,740 people. Coachella has had attendance numbers in excess of 99.000 people. Coachella relies on an outdoor set up to accommodate the massive crowds.The answer is yes.Q: Does the judo rank system reach the triple digits?A:

question：Here is a review left by a customer on a product. Would you say he was satisfied or dissatisfied? Title: BlueAnt Supertooth Light - Excellent!! Review: I have had several Bluetooth speakerphones, and have returned most of them. I had the VBT3000 (from Costco) for about a year, and the biggest problem was the lack of full duplex (difficult to have a conversation if each party doesn't wait to speak). Although sound quality wasn't as good as this BlueAnt Supertooth Light (BSLT). I have now been using the BSLT for about 3 weeks and I travel quite a bit (I'm in sales). The quality of sound on both sides is excellent, the full duplex makes this a joy to use, and the battery life has also been excellent. Also, I had read reports about problems with the magnetic mount, but I've had no troubles - and I think this is an excellent feature if you want to bring it in the house for charging. I highly recommend this product!!!satisfiedHere is a review left by a customer on a product. Would you say he was satisfied or dissatisfied? Title: Breaks. Instantly. Review: I love that these are wood instead of plastic. We searched for wood ones and were so happy to find them. But they are NOT sturdy. The magnets come off pretty quickly, even with minimal play. We wrote a letter to the company, and they did replace them, but it was not a flaw with that one set. The new set did the same thing. One by one we have just had to throw them away. What a waste.dissatisfiedQ: Here is a review left by a customer on a product. Would you say he was satisfied or dissatisfied? Title: Don't waste your money Review: If you need to spread grass seed this will work well. If you are intending to use it for spreading fertilizer you are in for major headaches. The poorly designed thing binds up because fertilizer bits creep into the plastic gears and make it very hard to crank not crankable at all. Of course it is worthless as a tool when that happens. I had one that was made in the 1960's and made by the same company. It lasted over 18 years with just seasonal applications and kept indoors when not in use.A: dissatisfiedQuestion: Here is a review left by a customer on a product. Would you say he was satisfied or dissatisfied? Title: Book is so-so and CD is bad Review: The tests in the CD are bad, I took 3 of them and it repeated several questions - including the texts for reading comprehension, they were the same in the 3 tests! I also found some answers keys that were certainly incorrect.The book helps you to get on the road and gives some helpful hints. Nevertheless, its style is not academic, and it lacks depth in mathematics and grammar.Overall, if you are targeting to the top MBA's, then you will need a score around the 700's (or higher), and this book will not be enough.Answer: dissatisfied*Question*Here is a review left by a customer on a product. Would you say he was satisfied or dissatisfied? Title: Doesn't Fit Review: I ordered this DashMat for a specific vehicle, it was not the correct mat. I returned the original one and they sent me an exact duplicate of the wrong mat. I can't seem to get the correct one and therefore it sits in a box!!!!!!**Answer**dissatisfied(Question)Here is a review left by a customer on a product. Would you say he was satisfied or dissatisfied? Title: So-o-o disappointing! Review: I loved every book Jan Karon wrote in the Mitford series. When I read each one, I felt I lived in Mitford with these friends. I shared each book with friends and family, all of whom loved them. The announcement of "A Common Life" delighted me and I ordered it immediately. What a mistake!!! If there were a rating lower than one star, I would have used it. This book is not up to the talents we, who love Fr. Tim, Cynthia, Barnabus, Dooley, and the entire population of Mitford, know Ms. Karon has. Please, Ms. Karon, your fans have been terribly disappointed...(Answer)

question：In this task, you are given text for US Congressional and California state bills, your task is to generate a summary for this bill.Example Input: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``529 and ABLE Account Improvement Act of 2016''.SEC. 2. EMPLOYER CONTRIBUTIONS TO QUALIFIED TUITION PROGRAMS AND QUALIFIED ABLE PROGRAMS. (a) In General.--Subsection (a) of section 132 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by striking ``or'' at the end of paragraph (7), by striking the period at the end of paragraph (8) and inserting ``, or'', and by adding at the end the following new paragraph: ``(9) qualified tuition program and qualified ABLE program contributions.''. (b) Qualified Tuition Program and Qualified ABLE Program Contributions Defined.--Section 132 of such Code is amended by redesignating subsection (o) as subsection (p) and inserting after subsection (n) the following new subsection: ``(o) Qualified Tuition Program and Qualified ABLE Program Contributions Defined.-- ``(1) In general.--For purposes of this section, the term `qualified tuition and qualified ABLE program contributions' means contributions (including matching contributions) made by an employer directly to a qualified tuition program (as described in section 529) or qualified ABLE program (as described in section 529A) designated by an employee if-- ``(A) such contribution is made to an account under such program for which the designated beneficiary is the employee or a member of the family of the employee (within the meaning of section 529(e)(2)), and ``(B) such contribution is made in connection with a qualified payroll deduction contribution program established by the employer. ``(2) Qualified payroll deduction contribution program.-- For purposes of this subsection, the term `qualified payroll deduction contribution program' means a program established by an employer-- ``(A) under which employees may elect to make contributions to accounts described in paragraph (1)(A) which reduce the amount of wages received directly by such employee by the amount of such contribution, and ``(B) which is made available on substantially the same terms to each member of a group of employees which is defined under a reasonable classification set up by the employer which does not discriminate in favor of highly compensated employees (as defined in section 414(q)). ``(3) Limitation on exclusion.--The amount of qualified tuition and qualified ABLE program contributions which may be excluded from gross income under subsection (a)(9) with respect to any employee shall not exceed 100 in any calendar year. ``(4) Nondiscrimination rule for employer contributions.-- Subsection (a)(9) shall only apply to contributions provided with respect to a highly compensated employee if such contributions meet the requirements of paragraph (2)(B). ``(5) Inflation adjustment.-- ``(A) In general.--In the case of any taxable year beginning in a calendar year after 2016, the 100 amount contained in paragraph (3) shall be increased by an amount equal to-- ``(i) such dollar amount, multiplied by ``(ii) the cost-of-living adjustment determined under section 1(f)(3) for the calendar year in which the taxable year begins, determined by substituting `calendar year 2015' for `calendar year 1992' in subparagraph (B) thereof. ``(B) Rounding.--Any increase determined under subparagraph (A) shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of 25.''. (c) Effective Date.--The amendments made by this section shall apply to contributions made after December 31, 2016.SEC. 3. TAX CREDIT FOR SMALL EMPLOYER COSTS OF ESTABLISHING DIRECT PAYROLL DEDUCTION INTO QUALIFIED TUITION PROGRAMS AND QUALIFIED ABLE PROGRAMS. (a) In General.--Section 45E of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by adding at the end the following new subsection: ``(f) Application to Programs for Payroll Deduction Contributions to Qualified Tuition Programs and Qualified ABLE Programs.--In the case of a qualified payroll deduction contribution program (as defined in section 132(o)(2)) established by an employer-- ``(1) such program shall be treated as an eligible employer plan for purposes of this section, ``(2) this section (including the limitation of subsection (b)) shall be applied separately with respect to such programs and any other eligible employer plans of the employer, and ``(3) subsection (d)(1)(A)(ii) shall be applied by substituting `education' for `retirement-related education'.''. (b) Clerical Amendments.-- (1) The heading for section 45E of such Code is amended by striking ``pension''. (2) The table of sections for subpart D of part IV of subchapter A of chapter 1 of such Code is amended by striking the item relating to section 45E and inserting the following new item:``Sec. 45E. Small employer plan startup costs.''. (c) Effective Date.--The amendments made by this section shall apply to costs paid or incurred in taxable years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act.SEC. 4. EXEMPTIONS FROM ADDITIONAL TAX FOR CERTAIN DISTRIBUTIONS FROM QUALIFIED TUITION PROGRAMS. (a) In General.--Section 529(c)(6) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by striking the last sentence and inserting the following: ``This paragraph shall not apply to the extent that-- ``(A) a payment or distribution is contributed to an individual retirement plan of the account owner or the designated beneficiary with respect to the calendar year in which the payment or distribution is received, ``(B) a payment or distribution is used (within 90 days of the payment or distribution) to make a payment of interest or principal on a qualified education loan (as defined in section 222(d)(1)) on behalf of the designated beneficiary or a member of the family of such designated beneficiary within the meaning of section 529(e)(2)), or ``(C) the recipient of a payment or distribution makes (within 90 days of the receipt of the payment or distribution) a contribution to an organization described in section 170(b)(1)(A) (other than any organization described in section 509(a)(3) or any fund or account described in section 4966(d)(2)), but only if-- ``(i) a deduction for the entire payment or distribution is allowable under section 170, and ``(ii) the total payments and distributions taken into account under this subparagraph with respect to such recipient for any taxable year does not exceed 1,000.''. (b) Effective Date.--The amendments made by this section shall apply to distributions after the date of the enactment of this Act.SEC. 5. CLARIFICATION REGARDING INVESTMENT DIRECTION IN QUALIFIED TUITION PROGRAMS AND QUALIFIED ABLE PROGRAMS. (a) Investment Direction in Qualified Tuition Programs.--Paragraph (4) of section 529(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by adding at the end the following: ``For purposes of this paragraph, rebalancing investments among broad-based investment strategies established under the program shall not be treated as investment direction by a contributor or designated beneficiary unless the specific investments within those broad-based strategies are directed by the contributor or designated beneficiary.''. (b) Investment Direction in Qualified ABLE Programs.--Paragraph (4) of section 529A(b) of such Code is amended by adding at the end the following: ``For purposes of this paragraph, rebalancing investments among broad-based investment strategies established under the program shall not be treated as investment direction by a designated beneficiary unless the specific investments within those broad-based strategies are directed by the designated beneficiary.''. (c) Effective Date.--The amendments made by this section shall apply with respect to calendar years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act.SEC. 6. ROLLOVERS BETWEEN QUALIFIED TUITION PROGRAMS AND QUALIFIED ABLE PROGRAMS. (a) Rollovers From Qualified Tuition Programs to Qualified ABLE Programs.--Clause (i) of section 529(c)(3)(C) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by striking ``or'' at the end of subclause (I), by striking the period at the end of subclause (II) and inserting ``, or'', and by adding at the end the following new subclause: ``(III) to an ABLE account (as defined in section 529A(e)(6)) of the designated beneficiary or a member of the family of the designated beneficiary. Subclause (III) shall not apply to so much of a distribution which, when added to all other contributions made to the ABLE account for the taxable year, exceeds the limitation under section 529A(b)(2)(B).''. (b) Rollovers From Qualified ABLE Programs to Qualified Tuition Programs.--Clause (i) of section 529A(c)(1)(C) of such Code is amended-- (1) by striking ``such payment or distribution, into another'' and inserting ``such payment or distribution-- ``(I) into another''; (2) by striking the period at the end and inserting ``, or'', and (3) by adding at the end the following new subclause: ``(II) to a qualified tuition program (as described in section 529) for the benefit of the same designated beneficiary or a member of the family of such designated beneficiary.''. (c) Effective Date.--The amendments made by this section shall apply to distributions after the date of the enactment of this Act.Example Output: 529 and ABLE Account Improvement Act of 2016 This bill amends the Internal Revenue Code to modify the tax treatment of qualified tuition programs (known as 529 plans) and ABLE accounts. (Tax-favored ABLE [Achieving a Better Life Experience] accounts are designed to enable individuals with disabilities to save for and pay for disability-related expenses.) The bill excludes from gross income a fringe benefit consisting of up to 100 per year (adjusted for inflation after 2016) of employer contributions to an employee's 529 or ABLE account. The employer contribution must be made: (1) to an account for which the designated beneficiary is the employee or a member of the employee's family, and (2) in connection with a payroll deduction contribution program established by the employer. The bill also: (1) expands the tax credit for small employer pension plan startup costs to include the costs of establishing a payroll deduction contribution program for 529 plans and ABLE accounts;(2) permits 529 funds to be used for transfers to an Individual Retirement Account (IRA), education loan payments, or charitable contributions without being subject to the additional tax for distributions that are not used for qualified higher education expenses; and (3) permits tax-free rollovers of funds between 529 and ABLE accounts for the benefit of the same beneficiary or a family member of the beneficiary. For the purpose of current law restrictions on the frequency of investment directions that a beneficiary or contributor may provide for a 529 or ABLE account, rebalancing investments among broad-based investment strategies established under the program is not an investment direction unless the beneficiary or contributor directs the specific investments within the strategies. Example Input: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Federal Ocean Acidification Research And Monitoring Act of 2009'' or the ``FOARAM Act''.SEC. 2. PURPOSES. (a) Purposes.--The purposes of this Act are to provide for-- (1) development and coordination of a comprehensive interagency plan to-- (A) monitor and conduct research on the processes and consequences of ocean acidification on marine organisms and ecosystems; and (B) establish an interagency research and monitoring program on ocean acidification; (2) establishment of an ocean acidification program within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; (3) assessment and consideration of regional and national ecosystem and socioeconomic impacts of increased ocean acidification; and (4) research adaptation strategies and techniques for effectively conserving marine ecosystems as they cope with increased ocean acidification.SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. In this Act: (1) Ocean acidification.--The term ``ocean acidification'' means the decrease in pH of the Earth's oceans and changes in ocean chemistry caused by chemical inputs from the atmosphere, including carbon dioxide. (2) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (3) Subcommittee.--The term ``Subcommittee'' means the Joint Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology of the National Science and Technology Council.SEC. 4. INTERAGENCY SUBCOMMITTEE. (a) Designation.-- (1) In general.--The Joint Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology of the National Science and Technology Council shall coordinate Federal activities on ocean acidification and establish an interagency working group. (2) Membership.--The interagency working group on ocean acidification shall be comprised of senior representatives from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Science Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the United States Geological Survey, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, and such other Federal agencies as appropriate. (3) Chairman.--The interagency working group shall be chaired by the representative from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (b) Duties.--The Subcommittee shall-- (1) develop the strategic research and monitoring plan to guide Federal research on ocean acidification required under section 5 of this Act and oversee the implementation of the plan; (2) oversee the development of-- (A) an assessment of the potential impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms and marine ecosystems; and (B) adaptation and mitigation strategies to conserve marine organisms and ecosystems exposed to ocean acidification; (3) facilitate communication and outreach opportunities with nongovernmental organizations and members of the stakeholder community with interests in marine resources; (4) coordinate the United States Federal research and monitoring program with research and monitoring programs and scientists from other nations; and (5) establish or designate an Ocean Acidification Information Exchange to make information on ocean acidification developed through or utilized by the interagency ocean acidification program accessible through electronic means, including information which would be useful to policymakers, researchers, and other stakeholders in mitigating or adapting to the impacts of ocean acidification. (c) Reports to Congress.-- (1) Initial report.--Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Subcommittee shall transmit a report to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science and Technology and the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives that-- (A) includes a summary of federally funded ocean acidification research and monitoring activities, including the budget for each of these activities; and (B) describes the progress in developing the plan required under section 5 of this Act. (2) Biennial report.--Not later than 2 years after the delivery of the initial report under paragraph (1) and every 2 years thereafter, the Subcommittee shall transmit a report to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science and Technology and the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives that includes-- (A) a summary of federally funded ocean acidification research and monitoring activities, including the budget for each of these activities; and (B) an analysis of the progress made toward achieving the goals and priorities for the interagency research plan developed by the Subcommittee under section 5. (3) Strategic research plan.--Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Subcommittee shall transmit the strategic research plan developed under section 5 to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science and Technology and the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives. A revised plan shall be submitted at least once every 5 years thereafter.SEC. 5. STRATEGIC RESEARCH PLAN. (a) In General.--Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Subcommittee shall develop a strategic plan for Federal research and monitoring on ocean acidification that will provide for an assessment of the impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms and marine ecosystems and the development of adaptation and mitigation strategies to conserve marine organisms and marine ecosystems. In developing the plan, the Subcommittee shall consider and use information, reports, and studies of ocean acidification that have identified research and monitoring needed to better understand ocean acidification and its potential impacts, and recommendations made by the National Academy of Sciences in the review of the plan required under subsection (d). (b) Contents of the Plan.--The plan shall-- (1) provide for interdisciplinary research among the ocean sciences, and coordinated research and activities to improve the understanding of ocean chemistry that will affect marine ecosystems; (2) establish, for the 10-year period beginning in the year the plan is submitted, the goals and priorities for Federal research and monitoring which will-- (A) advance understanding of ocean acidification and its physical, chemical, and biological impacts on marine organisms and marine ecosystems; (B) improve the ability to assess the socioeconomic impacts of ocean acidification; and (C) provide information for the development of adaptation and mitigation strategies to conserve marine organisms and marine ecosystems; (3) describe specific activities, including-- (A) efforts to determine user needs; (B) research activities; (C) monitoring activities; (D) technology and methods development; (E) data collection; (F) database development; (G) modeling activities; (H) assessment of ocean acidification impacts; and (I) participation in international research efforts; (4) identify relevant programs and activities of the Federal agencies that contribute to the interagency program directly and indirectly and set forth the role of each Federal agency in implementing the plan; (5) consider and utilize, as appropriate, reports and studies conducted by Federal agencies, the National Research Council, or other entities; (6) make recommendations for the coordination of the ocean acidification research and monitoring activities of the United States with such activities of other nations and international organizations; (7) outline budget requirements for Federal ocean acidification research and monitoring and assessment activities to be conducted by each agency under the plan; (8) identify the monitoring systems and sampling programs currently employed in collecting data relevant to ocean acidification and prioritize additional monitoring systems that may be needed to ensure adequate data collection and monitoring of ocean acidification and its impacts; and (9) describe specific activities designed to facilitate outreach and data and information exchange with stakeholder communities. (c) Program Elements.--The plan shall include at a minimum the following program elements: (1) Monitoring of ocean chemistry and biological impacts associated with ocean acidification at selected coastal and open-ocean monitoring stations, including satellite-based monitoring to characterize-- (A) marine ecosystems; (B) changes in marine productivity; and (C) changes in surface ocean chemistry. (2) Research to understand the species specific physiological responses of marine organisms to ocean acidification, impacts on marine food webs of ocean acidification, and to develop environmental and ecological indices that track marine ecosystem responses to ocean acidification. (3) Modeling to predict changes in the ocean carbon cycle as a function of carbon dioxide and atmosphere-induced changes in temperature, ocean circulation, biogeochemistry, ecosystem and terrestrial input, and modeling to determine impacts on marine ecosystems and individual marine organisms. (4) Technology development and standardization of carbonate chemistry measurements on moorings and autonomous floats. (5) Assessment of socioeconomic impacts of ocean acidification and development of adaptation and mitigation strategies to conserve marine organisms and marine ecosystems. (d) National Academy of Sciences Evaluation.--The Secretary shall enter into an agreement with the National Academy of Sciences to review the plan. (e) Public Participation.--In developing the plan, the Subcommittee shall consult with representatives of academic, State, industry and environmental groups. Not later than 90 days before the plan, or any revision thereof, is submitted to the Congress, the plan shall be published in the Federal Register for a public comment period of not less than 60 days.SEC. 6. NOAA OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ACTIVITIES. (a) In General.--The Secretary shall establish and maintain an ocean acidification program within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to conduct research, monitoring, and other activities consistent with the strategic research and implementation plan developed by the Subcommittee under section 5 that-- (1) includes-- (A) interdisciplinary research among the ocean and atmospheric sciences, and coordinated research and activities to improve understanding of ocean acidification; (B) the establishment of a long-term monitoring program of ocean acidification utilizing existing global and national ocean observing assets, and adding instrumentation and sampling stations as appropriate to the aims of the research program; (C) research to identify and develop adaptation strategies and techniques for effectively conserving marine ecosystems as they cope with increased ocean acidification; (D) as an integral part of the research programs described in this Act, educational opportunities that encourage an interdisciplinary and international approach to exploring the impacts of ocean acidification; (E) as an integral part of the research programs described in this Act, national public outreach activities to improve the understanding of current scientific knowledge of ocean acidification and its impacts on marine resources; and (F) coordination of ocean acidification monitoring and impacts research with other appropriate international ocean science bodies such as the International Oceanographic Commission, the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, the North Pacific Marine Science Organization, and others; (2) provides grants for critical research projects that explore the effects of ocean acidification on ecosystems and the socioeconomic impacts of increased ocean acidification that are relevant to the goals and priorities of the strategic research plan; and (3) incorporates a competitive merit-based process for awarding grants that may be conducted jointly with other participating agencies or under the National Oceanographic Partnership Program under section 7901 of title 10, United States Code. (b) Additional Authority.--In conducting the Program, the Secretary may enter into and perform such contracts, leases, grants, or cooperative agreements as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act on such terms as the Secretary considers appropriate.SEC. 7. NSF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ACTIVITIES. (a) Research Activities.--The Director of the National Science Foundation shall continue to carry out research activities on ocean acidification which shall support competitive, merit-based, peer-reviewed proposals for research and monitoring of ocean acidification and its impacts, including-- (1) impacts on marine organisms and marine ecosystems; (2) impacts on ocean, coastal, and estuarine biogeochemistry; and (3) the development of methodologies and technologies to evaluate ocean acidification and its impacts. (b) Consistency.--The research activities shall be consistent with the strategic research plan developed by the Subcommittee under section 5. (c) Coordination.--The Director shall encourage coordination of the Foundation's ocean acidification activities with such activities of other nations and international organizations.SEC. 8. NASA OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ACTIVITIES. (a) Ocean Acidification Activities.--The Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, in coordination with other relevant agencies, shall ensure that space-based monitoring assets are used in as productive a manner as possible for monitoring of ocean acidification and its impacts. (b) Program Consistency.--The Administrator shall ensure that the Agency's research and monitoring activities on ocean acidification are carried out in a manner consistent with the strategic research plan developed by the Subcommittee under section 5. (c) Coordination.--The Administrator shall encourage coordination of the Agency's ocean acidification activities with such activities of other nations and international organizations.SEC. 9. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. (a) NOAA.--There are authorized to be appropriated to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to carry out the purposes of this Act-- (1) 8,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; (2) 12,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; (3) 15,000,000 for fiscal year 2011; and (4) 20,000,000 for fiscal year 2012. (b) NSF.--There are authorized to be appropriated to the National Science Foundation to carry out the purposes of this Act-- (1) 6,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; (2) 8,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; (3) 12,000,000 for fiscal year 2011; and (4) 15,000,000 for fiscal year 2012.Example Output: Federal Ocean Acidification Research And Monitoring Act of 2009 or FOARAM Act - Defines "ocean acidification," for this Act, as the decrease in pH of the Earth's oceans and changes in ocean chemistry caused by chemical inputs from the atmosphere, including carbon dioxide.Requires that the Joint Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology of the National Science and Technology Council coordinate federal activities on ocean acidification and establish an interagency working group.Requires the Subcommittee to develop a strategic plan for federal ocean acidification research and monitoring that provides, among other things, for the development of adaptation and mitigation strategies. Directs the Secretary of Commerce, through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), to enter into an agreement with the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to review the plan.Directs the Secretary to establish and maintain an ocean acidification program in NOAA to conduct research, monitoring, and other activities, including: (1) providing grants for critical research projects exploring the ecosystem and socioeconomic impacts of ocean acidification; and (2) incorporating a competitive merit-based process for awarding grants that may be conducted jointly with other participating agencies or under the National Oceanographic Partnership Program.Requires the National Science Foundation (NSF) director to continue to carry out ocean acidification research supporting competitive, merit-based, peer-reviewed proposals for research and monitoring of ocean acidification and its impacts.Requires the administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to ensure that space-based monitoring assets are used in as productive a manner as possible for the monitoring of ocean acidification and its impacts.Example Input: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; REFERENCES. (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Graduate Opportunities in Higher Education Act of 2003''. (b) References.--Except as otherwise expressly provided, whenever in this Act an amendment or repeal is expressed in terms of an amendment to, or repeal of, a section or other provision, the reference shall be considered to be made to a section or other provision of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.).SEC. 2. JAVITS FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM. (a) Interruptions of Study.--Section 701(c) (20 U.S.C. 1134(c)) is amended by adding at the end the following new sentence: ``In the case of other exceptional circumstances, such as active duty military service or personal or family member illness, the institution of higher education may also permit the fellowship recipient to interrupt periods of study for the duration of the tour of duty (in the case of military service) or not more than 12 months (in any other case), but without payment of the stipend.''. (b) Allocation of Fellowships.--Section 702(a)(1) (20 U.S.C. 1134a(a)(1)) is amended-- (1) in the first sentence, by inserting ``from diverse geographic regions'' after ``higher education''; and (2) by adding at the end the following new sentence: ``The Secretary shall also assure that at least one representative appointed to the Board represents an institution that is eligible for a grant under title III or V of this Act.''. (c) Stipends.--Section 703 (20 U.S.C. 1134b(a)) is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) by striking ``1999-2000'' and inserting ``2004- 2005''; (B) by striking ``shall be set'' and inserting ``may be set''; and (C) by striking ``Foundation graduate fellowships'' and inserting ``Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program''; and (2) in subsection (b), by amending paragraph (1)(A) to read as follows: ``(1) In general.--(A) The Secretary shall (in addition to stipends paid to individuals under this subpart) pay to the institution of higher education, for each individual awarded a fellowship under this subpart at such institution, an institutional allowance. Except as provided in subparagraph (B), such allowance shall be, for 2004-2005 and succeeding academic years, the same amount as the institutional payment made for 2003-2004 adjusted for 2004-2005 and annually thereafter in accordance with inflation as determined by the Department of Labor's Consumer Price Index for the previous calendar year.''. (d) Authorization of Appropriations.--Section 705 (20 U.S.C. 1134d) is amended by striking ``fiscal year 1999 and such sums as may be necessary for each of the 4 succeeding fiscal years'' and inserting ``fiscal year 2004 and such sums as may be necessary for each of the 5 succeeding fiscal years''.SEC. 3. GRADUATE ASSISTANCE IN AREAS OF NATIONAL NEED. (a) Designation of Areas of National Need; Priority.--Section 712 (20 U.S.C. 1135a) is amended-- (1) in the last sentence of subsection (b)-- (A) by striking ``and an assessment'' and inserting ``an assessment''; and (B) by inserting before the period at the end the following: ``, and the priority described in subsection (c) of this section''; and (2) by adding at the end the following new subsection: ``(c) Priority.--The Secretary shall establish a priority for grants in order to prepare individuals for the professoriate who will train highly-qualified elementary and secondary school teachers of math, science, and special education, and teachers who provide instruction for limited English proficient individuals. Such grants shall offer program assistance and graduate fellowships for-- ``(1) post-baccalaureate study related to teacher preparation and pedagogy in math and science for students who have completed a master's degree or are pursuing a doctorate of philosophy in math and science; ``(2) post-baccalaureate study related to teacher preparation and pedagogy in special education and English language acquisition and academic proficiency for limited English proficient individuals; and ``(3) support of dissertation research in the fields of math, science, special education, or second language pedagogy and second language acquisition.''. (b) Collaboration Required for Certain Applications.--Section 713(b) (20 U.S.C. 1135b) is amended-- (1) by striking ``and'' at the end of paragraph (9); (2) by redesignating paragraph (10) as paragraph (11); and (3) by inserting after paragraph (9) the following new paragraph: ``(10) in the case of an application for a grant by a department, program, or unit in education or teacher preparation, contain assurances that such department, program, or unit collaborates with departments, programs, or units in all content areas to assure a successful combination of training in both teaching and such content; and''. (c) Stipends.--Section 714(b) (20 U.S.C. 1135c(b)) is amended-- (1) by striking ``1999-2000'' and inserting ``2004-2005''; (2) by striking ``shall be set'' and inserting ``may be set''; and (3) by striking ``Foundation graduate fellowships'' and inserting ``Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program''. (d) Additional Assistance.--Section 715(a)(1) (20 U.S.C. 1135d(a)(1)) is amended-- (1) by striking ``1999-2000'' and inserting ``2004-2005''; and (2) by striking ``1998-1999'' and inserting ``2003-2004''. (e) Authorization of Appropriations.--Section 716 (20 U.S.C. 1135e) is amended by striking ``fiscal year 1999 and such sums as may be necessary for each of the 4 succeeding fiscal years'' and inserting ``fiscal year 2004 and such sums as may be necessary for each of the 5 succeeding fiscal years''. (f) Technical Amendments.--Section 714(c) (20 U.S.C. 1135c(c)) is amended-- (1) by striking ``section 716(a)'' and inserting ``section 715(a)''; and (2) by striking ``section 714(b)(2)'' and inserting ``section 713(b)(2)''.SEC. 4. THURGOOD MARSHALL LEGAL EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY PROGRAM. (a) Contract and Grant Purposes.--Section 721(c) (20 U.S.C. 1136(c)) is amended-- (1) by amending paragraph (2) to read as follows: ``(2) to prepare such students for study at accredited law schools and assist them with the development of analytical skills and study methods to enhance their success and promote completion of law school;''; (2) by striking ``and'' at the end of paragraph (4); (3) by striking the period at the end of paragraph (5) and inserting ``; and''; and (4) by adding at the end the following new paragraph: ``(6) to award Thurgood Marshall Fellowships to eligible law school students-- ``(A) who participated in summer institutes authorized by subsection (d) and who are enrolled in an accredited law school; or ``(B) who are eligible law school students who have successfully completed a comparable summer institute program certified by the Council on Legal Educational Opportunity.''. (b) Services Provided.--Section 721(d)(1)(D) (20 U.S.C. 1136(d)(1)(D)) is amended by inserting ``in analytical skills and study methods'' after ``courses''. (c) Authorization of Appropriations.--Section 721(h) (20 U.S.C. 1136(h)) is amended by striking ``1999 and each of the 4 succeeding fiscal years'' and inserting ``2004 and each of the 5 succeeding fiscal years''. (d) General Provisions.--Subsection (e) of section 731 (20 U.S.C. 1137(e)) is repealed.SEC. 5. FUND FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION. (a) Contract and Grant Purposes.--Section 741(a) (20 U.S.C. 1138(a)) is amended-- (1) by amending paragraph (1) to read as follows: ``(1) the encouragement of the reform and improvement of, and innovation in, postsecondary education and the provision of educational opportunity for all, especially for the non- traditional student populations;''; (2) in paragraph (2), by inserting before the semicolon at the end the following: ``for postsecondary students, especially those that provide academic credit for programs''; (3) by amending paragraph (3) to read as follows: ``(3) the establishment of institutions and programs based on the technology of communications, including delivery by distance education;''; and (4) by amending paragraph (6) to read as follows: ``(6) the introduction of institutional reforms designed to expand individual opportunities for entering and reentering postsecondary institutions and pursuing programs of postsecondary study tailored to individual needs;''. (b) Areas of National Need.--Section 744(c) (20 U.S.C. 1138c(c)) is amended by striking paragraph (4) and inserting the following: ``(4) International cooperation, partnerships, or student exchange among postsecondary educational institutions in the United States and abroad. ``(5) Establishment of academic programs including graduate and undergraduate courses, seminars and lectures, support of research, and development of teaching materials for the purpose of supporting faculty and academic programs that teach traditional American history (including significant constitutional, political, intellectual, economic, diplomatic, and foreign policy trends, issues, and documents; the history, nature, and development of democratic institutions of which American democracy is a part; and significant events and individuals in the history of the United States). ``(6) Support for planning, applied research, training, resource exchanges or technology transfers, the delivery of services, or other activities the purpose of which is to design and implement programs to enable institutions of higher education to work with private and civic organizations to assist communities to meet and address their pressing and severe problems, including economic development, community infrastructure and housing, crime prevention, education, healthcare, self sufficiency, and workforce preparation.''. (c) Authorization of Appropriations.--Section 745 (20 U.S.C. 1138d) is amended by striking ``30,000,000 for fiscal year 1999 and such sums as may be necessary for each of the 4 succeeding fiscal years'' and inserting ``40,000,000 for fiscal year 2004 and such sums as may be necessary for each of the 5 succeeding fiscal years'' .SEC. 6. URBAN COMMUNITY SERVICE. Part C of title VII (20 U.S.C. 1139 et seq.) is repealed.SEC. 7. DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS TO ENSURE STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES RECEIVE A QUALITY HIGHER EDUCATION. (a) Serving All Students With Disabilities.--Section 762(a) (20 U.S.C. 1140a(a)) is amended by striking ``students with learning disabilities'' and inserting ``students with disabilities''. (b) Authorized Activities.-- (1) Amendment.--Section 762(b)(2) is amended-- (A) in subparagraph (A), by inserting ``in order to improve retention and completion'' after ``disabilities''; (B) by redesignating subparagraphs (B) and (C) as subparagraphs (C) and (E), respectively; (C) by inserting after subparagraph (A) the following new subparagraph: ``(B) Effective transition practices.--The development of innovative, effective, and efficient teaching methods and strategies to ensure the smooth transition of students with disabilities from high school to postsecondary education.''; and (D) by inserting after subparagraph (C) (as redesignated by subparagraph (B) of this paragraph) the following new subparagraph: ``(D) Distance learning.--The development of innovative, effective, and efficient teaching methods and strategies to provide faculty and administrators with the ability to provide accessible distance education programs or classes that would enhance access of students with disabilities to higher education, including the use of electronic communication for instruction and advisement.''. (2) Conforming amendment.--Section 762(b)(3) is amended by striking ``subparagraphs (A) through (C)'' and inserting ``subparagraphs (A) through (E)''. (c) Applications.--Section 763 (20 U.S.C. 1140b) is amended-- (1) by amending paragraph (1) to read as follows: ``(1) a description of how such institution plans to address the activities allowed under this part;''; (2) by striking ``and'' at the end of paragraph (2); (3) by striking the period at the end of paragraph (3) and inserting ``; and''; and (4) by adding at the end the following new paragraph: ``(4) a description of the extent to which an institution will work to replicate the best practices of institutions of higher education with demonstrated success in serving students with disabilities.''. (d) Authorization of Appropriations.--Section 765 (20 U.S.C. 1140d) is amended by striking ``fiscal year 1999 and such sums as may be necessary for each of the 4 succeeding fiscal years'' and inserting ``fiscal year 2004 and such sums as may be necessary for each of the 5 succeeding fiscal years''. Passed the House of Representatives October 21, 2003. Attest: JEFF TRANDAHL, Clerk.Example Output: